Aranka One of Seven Children

Aranka Siegal

Aranka Siegal, one of seven youngsters, was, brought up in Beregszasz, Hungary. Amid World War II, when Aranka was thirteen, she and her family were moved from their home to the Beregszasz block manufacturing plant, which had been transformed into a ghetto to house Jews. Instantly from that point, they were expelled to Auschwitz. Upon their landing on May 9, 1944, she and her more seasoned sister were divided from whatever remains of the family, and they never saw them again. In the end, the two young ladies were sent to Bergen-Belsen, and in 1945 they were recovered by the British First Army. Through the Swedish Red Cross, Aranka and her sister were then brought to Sweden, where they existed for three and a half years before emigrating to the United States.

From soonest youth, Aranka took in adoration for books from her grandma, Babi. She was just twelve years of age when Jewish youngsters were banned from the government funded schools. What books her family claimed, and what few others could be gotten, got to be individual fortunes, empowering her to escape from her reality - a world that no more boded well.

Aranka needed to catch in her own particular books the human component of the war. In Upon the Head of the Goat, she portrays the feelings of an adolescent Jewish young lady made up for lost time in occasions that were to annihilate her reality. Elegance in the Wilderness is a continuation of that story, however Aranka does not concentrate on life in the camps. Rather, she portrays the repercussions of the war, how she and her sister had, in effememories of Babi, is an arrangement of stories focused around the creator's adolescence visits with her grandma on her homestead in the Ukraine, in the prior years World War II.

Aranka chose to compose for youngsters "on the grounds that they will be the recorders of history in books yet to be composed . . . I realize that having read my story they will recall the significance of "substitute" and decline ever to partake in spreading bias . . . I have faith in the imperativeness of my message and its inalienable truth as history."

At the point when Aranka landed in the United States in 1948, she needed to learn yet an alternate lifestyle and expert a sixth dialect. She wedded, had two kids, and when they went off to school, sought after her advanced education on a formal level. She got her B.a. in social human sciences in 1977, and for a year facilitated a radio show on which she described her encounters in Hungary and different nations. She additionally turned into a substitute instructor and teacher in schools and universities. Aranka Siegal now exists in Florida.

UPON THE HEAD OF THE GOAT: A Childhood in Hungary 1939-1944, a 1982 Newbery Honor Book and the beneficiary of the 1982 Janusz Korezak Literary Award and the 1982 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award for Nonfiction, was Aranka's first book. Her second book, GRACE IN THE WILDERNESS: After the Liberation 1945-1948, was chosen a Notable Trade Book in the Field of Social Studies by the National Council for Social Studies-Children's Book Council Joint Committee.

Aranka Siegal

Aranka Siegal born Aranka Davidowitz on June 10, 1930 is a writer, Holocaust survivor, and beneficiary of the Newbery Honor and Boston Globe-Horn Book Award, both presented to her in 1982. She is the author of 3 books, the best known of which is Upon the Head of the Goat: A Childhood in Hungary 1930-1944, a memoir of her childhood in Hungary before her 12-month sentence in the Nazi concentration camps, Auschwitz – Birkenau and Bergen-Belsen. Other works of hers take in Grace in the Wilderness: After the Liberation 1945-1948 and Memories of Babi. Her novels are sold globally, and have been converted into several different languages including, but not limited to, English, French, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Dutch, and German. Siegal herself talks 6 languages and is the fifth child of seven children.

Aranka Siegal

Aranka Siegal (born Aranka Davidowitz on June 10, 1930) is a writer, Holocaust survivor, and recipient of the Newbery Honor and Boston Globe-Horn Book Award, both awarded to her in 1982. She is the author of three books, the best known of which is Upon the Head of the Goat: A Childhood in Hungary 1930-1944, a memoir of her childhood in Hungary before her 12-month imprisonment in the Nazi concentration camps, Auschwitz – Birkenau and Bergen-Belsen. Other works of hers include Grace in the Wilderness: After the Liberation 1945-1948 and Memories of Babi. Her novels are sold worldwide, and have been translated into several different languages including, but not limited to, English, French, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Dutch, and German. Siegal herself speaks six languages and is the fifth child of seven children.

Delina Filkins

Delina Filkins, née Ecker (May 4, 1815 – December 4, 1928), was an American supercentenarian who was the earliest verified person to reach the ages of 112 and 113, in 1927 and 1928, respectively. Filkins was the first verified person to surpass the longest confirmed lifespan by two years. She was also the first supercentenarian to outlive another supercentenarian, in fact she outlived two: Miriam Bannister (1817–1928) and Demetrius Philiphovitch (1818–1928). Her case was thoroughly investigated in the 1970s and re-investigated in 2005, and found to be fully verifiable. In fact, the number of documents located make this the second-most verified case of all time, after Jeanne Calment.

Filkins's age in 1928, 113, would not be reached again until Betsy Baker attained it in 1955, and Filkins' record stood for more than 50 years - by far the longest period a person has held the record as the oldest undisputed person ever. Filkins' age was 113 years 214 days at the time of her death in Richland Springs, New York.

Early History: Development of chemical photography

The first permanent photograph (later accidentally destroyed) was an image produced in 1826 by the French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. His photographs were produced on a polished pewter plate covered with a petroleum derivative called bitumen of Judea, which he then dissolved in white petroleum. Bitumen hardens with exposure to light. The unhardened material may then be washed away and the metal plate polished, rendering a positive image with light regions of hardened bitumen and dark regions of bare pewter. Niépce then began experimenting with silver compounds based on a Johann Heinrich Schultz discovery in 1727 that silver nitrate (AgNO3) darkens when exposed to light.

In partnership, Niépce (in Chalon-sur-Saône) and Louis Daguerre (in Paris) refined the existing silver process.] In 1833 Niépce died of a stroke, leaving his notes to Daguerre. While he had no scientific background, Daguerre made two pivotal contributions to the process. He discovered that exposing the silver first to iodine vapour before exposure to light, and then to mercury fumes after the photograph was taken, could form a latent image. Bathing the plate in a salt bath then fixes the image. On January 7, 1839 Daguerre announced that he had invented a process using silver on a copper plate called the daguerreotype, and displayed the first plate. The French government bought the patent and almost immediately (on August 19 of that year) made it public domain.

In 1832, French-Brazilian painter and inventor Hercules Florence had already created a very similar process, naming it Photographie.

After reading about Daguerre's invention, Fox Talbot worked on perfecting his own process; in 1839 he acquired a key improvement, an effective fixer, from John Herschel, the astronomer, who had previously showed that hyposulfite of soda (also known as hypo, or now sodium thiosulfate) would dissolve silver salts. Later that year, Herschel made the first glass negative.


A calotype print showing the American photographer Frederick Langenheim (circa 1849). Note, the caption on the photo calls the process Talbotype

By 1840, Talbot had invented the calotype process. He coated paper sheets with silver chloride to create an intermediate negative image. Unlike a daguerreotype, a calotype negative could be used to reproduce positive prints, like most chemical films do today. The calotype had yet another distinction compared to other photographic processes of the day, in that the finished product lacked fine clarity due to its translucent paper negative. This was seen as a positive attribute for portraits because it softened the appearance of the human face. Talbot patented this process, which greatly limited its adoption. He spent the rest of his life in lawsuits defending the patent until he gave up on photography. Later George Eastman refined Talbot's process, which is the basic technology used by chemical film cameras today. Hippolyte Bayard had also developed a method of photography but delayed announcing it, and so was not recognized as its inventor.

In 1839, John Herschel made the first glass negative, but his process was difficult to reproduce. Slovene Janez Puhar invented a process for making photographs on glass in 1841; it was recognized on June 17, 1852 in Paris by the Académie Nationale Agricole, Manufacturière et Commerciale. In 1847, Nicephore Niépce's cousin, the chemist Niépce St. Victor published his invention of a process for making glass plates with an albumen emulsion; the Langenheim brothers of Philadelphia and John Whipple of Boston also invented workable negative-on-glass processes in the mid 1840s.
In 1851 Frederick Scott Archer invented the collodion process. Photographer and children's author Lewis Carroll used this process.

Roger Fenton's assistant seated on Fenton's photographic van, Crimea, 1855.
Herbert Bowyer Berkeley experimented with his own version of collodian emulsions after Samman introduced the idea of adding dithionite to the pyrogallol developer. Berkeley discovered that with his own addition of sulfite, to absorb the sulfur dioxide given off by the chemical dithionite in the developer, that dithionite was not required in the developing process. In 1881 he published his discovery. Berkeley's formula contained pyrogallol, sulfite and citric acid. Ammonia was added just before use to make the formula alkaline. The new formula was sold by the Platinotype Company in London as Sulpho-Pyrogallol Developer.
Nineteenth-century experimentation with photographic processes frequently became proprietary. The German-born, New Orleans photographer Theodore Lilienthal successfully sought legal redress in an 1881 infringement case involving his "Lambert Process" in the Eastern District of Louisiana.

Delina - Photography